Introduction
Freedom of expression is a fundamental human right and a cornerstone of democratic societies. In Northern Africa, however, this right faces significant challenges. In countries such as Tunisia, Algeria, Egypt, and Mauritania, journalists, bloggers, and other media professionals often operate in hostile environments marked by legal restrictions, intimidation, and the threat of reprisals. Governments in the region have increasingly used both legislative and extralegal measures to suppress dissent, stifle independent journalism, and silence critical voices. The following report provides a detailed overview of the current situation regarding freedom of expression in these four countries, with a particular focus on the experiences of journalists and bloggers..
Across countries In Northern Africa, authorities routinely use broad and vaguely worded laws-such as those criminalizing “fake news,” “defamation,” or “undermining national security”-to prosecute journalists, human rights defenders, opposition figures, and ordinary citizens.
The media landscape in Northern Africa is often tightly controlled. State-owned or state-aligned media dominate the airwaves, while independent outlets face constant threats of closure, censorship, or financial blocks. Journalists and bloggers who attempt to report on sensitive issues-such as corruption, human rights abuses, or government mismanagement-are frequently subjected to harassment, intimidation, and even physical violence. Self-censorship is widespread, as many fear reprisals against themselves or their families.
Digital expression is also under increasing threat. Governments have expanded their surveillance capabilities and enacted cybercrime laws that criminalize online speech. Social media users can face arrest for posts deemed critical of the authorities, and internet shutdowns or restrictions are sometimes used during periods of political unrest.
Despite these challenges, Northern Africa is home to a vibrant civil society and courageous individuals who continue to advocate for greater freedoms. Human rights organizations, independent journalists, and youth activists persist in their efforts to promote transparency, hold authorities accountable, and defend the right to free expression. Regional mechanisms, such as the African Commission’s Special Rapporteur on Freedom of Expression and Access to Information, provide important oversight and advocacy, but their recommendations are not always implemented at the national level.
All Northern African countries have ratified most the human rights instruments but when it it come to reality it does not exist .
Tunisia
Freedom of Expression: Since President Kais Saied’s 2021 power grab, Tunisia has seen a sharp decline in freedom of expression. Authorities use repressive laws, especially Decree-Law 54 on Cybercrime, to target journalists, bloggers, and critics.
Situation of Journalists and Bloggers: At least five journalists were jailed as of late 2024, a record high. Dozens of cases have been brought against media professionals for their work, with charges often related to “false news” or defamation. Notable cases include the imprisonment of journalists for social media posts and critical commentary.
Intimidation and Harassment: Journalists face frequent legal harassment, arbitrary detention, and police intimidation. The media regulator has been suspended, and journalists risk losing accreditation for critical reporting. Many resort to self-censorship due to fear of reprisals.
Algeria
Freedom of Expression: Algeria has failed to implement international recommendations on press freedom. Authorities frequently use fabricated terrorism-related charges to silence peaceful dissent, including journalists and bloggers.
Situation of Journalists and Bloggers: Journalists and activists face arbitrary arrests, prosecutions, and intimidation. The crackdown extends to peaceful assembly and association, with the government targeting those who criticize the state.
Intimidation and Harassment: Legal harassment, arbitrary detention, and threats are common. The environment has led to widespread self-censorship among media professionals.
Egypt
Freedom of Expression: Egypt remains one of the most repressive environments in North Africa for freedom of expression. The government systematically targets journalists, bloggers, and critics with arrests, prosecutions, and censorship.
Situation of Journalists and Bloggers: Journalists and bloggers are routinely detained, often without due process. Peaceful protesters and opposition voices are also targeted, with mass arrests before planned demonstrations.
Intimidation and Harassment: Intimidation includes violence, arbitrary detention, and legal reprisals. The threat of reprisals has created a climate of fear, stifling independent journalism and dissent.
Mauritania
Freedom of Expression: Freedom of expression is severely restricted. Laws on apostasy, blasphemy, and other offenses are used to limit speech and press freedom.
Situation of Journalists and Bloggers: Journalists are rarely victims of physical violence but face verbal attacks, social media harassment, and legal threats. Harassment campaigns and intimidation are frequent, especially against those reporting on sensitive topics.
Intimidation and Harassment: The authorities have been urgedto stop harassing journalists, but intimidation and threats persist. There is ongoing pressure on media professionals to avoid criticism of the government or religious issues.
